Technical perspective: By the end of the decade, we will deliver universal, fully fault-tolerant quantum computing
By Dr. Harry Buhrman, Chief Scientist for Algorithms and Innovation, and Dr. Chris Langer, Fellow
This week, we confirm what has been implied by the rapid pace of our recent technical progress as we reveal a major acceleration in our hardware road map. By the end of the decade, our accelerated hardware roadmap will deliver a fully fault-tolerant and universal quantum computer capable of executing millions of operations on hundreds of logical qubits.
The next major milestone on our accelerated roadmap is Quantinuum Helios™, Powered by Honeywell, a device that will definitively push beyond classical capabilities in 2025. That sets us on a path to our fifth-generation system, Quantinuum Apollo™, a machine that delivers scientific advantage and a commercial tipping point this decade.
What is Apollo?
We are committed to continually advancing the capabilities of our hardware over prior generations, and Apollo makes good on that promise. It will offer:
- Thousands of physical qubits
- Physical error rate of 10-4
- All of our most competitive features: all-to-all connectivity, low crosstalk, mid-circuit measurement and qubit re-use
- Conditional logic
- Real-time classical co-compute
- Physical variable angle 1 qubit and 2 qubit gates
- Hundreds of logical qubits
- Logical error rates better than 10-6 with analysis based on recent literature estimating as low as 10-10
By leveraging our all-to-all connectivity and low error rates, we expect to enjoy significant efficiency gains in terms of fault-tolerance, including single-shot error correction (which saves time) and high-rate and high-distance Quantum Error Correction (QEC) codes (which mean more logical qubits, with stronger error correction capabilities, can be made from a smaller number of physical qubits).
Studies of several efficient QEC codes already suggest we can enjoy logical error rates much lower than our target 10-6 – we may even be able to reach 10-10, which enables exploration of even more complex problems of both industrial and scientific interest.
Error correcting code exploration is only just beginning – we anticipate discoveries of even more efficient codes. As new codes are developed, Apollo will be able to accommodate them, thanks to our flexible high-fidelity architecture. The bottom line is that Apollo promises fault-tolerant quantum advantage sooner, with fewer resources.
Like all our computers, Apollo is based on the quantum charged coupled device (QCCD) architecture. Here, each qubit’s information is stored in the atomic states of a single ion. Laser beams are applied to the qubits to perform operations such as gates, initialization, and measurement. The lasers are applied to individual qubits or co-located qubit pairs in dedicated operation zones. Qubits are held in place using electromagnetic fields generated by our ion trap chip. We move the qubits around in space by dynamically changing the voltages applied to the chip. Through an alternating sequence of qubit rearrangements via movement followed by quantum operations, arbitrary circuits with arbitrary connectivity can be executed.
The ion trap chip in Apollo will host a 2D array of trapping locations. It will be fabricated using standard CMOS processing technology and controlled using standard CMOS electronics. The 2D grid architecture enables fast and scalable qubit rearrangement and quantum operations – a critical competitive advantage. The Apollo architecture is scalable to the significantly larger systems we plan to deliver in the next decade.
What is Apollo good for?
Apollo’s scaling of very stable physical qubits and native high-fidelity gates, together with our advanced error correcting and fault tolerant techniques will establish a quantum computer that can perform tasks that do not run (efficiently) on any classical computer. We already had a first glimpse of this in our recent work sampling the output of random quantum circuits on H2, where we performed 100x better than competitors who performed the same task while using 30,000x less power than a classical supercomputer. But with Apollo we will travel into uncharted territory.
The flexibility to use either thousands of qubits for shorter computations (up to 10k gates) or hundreds of qubits for longer computations (from 1 million to 1 billion gates) make Apollo a versatile machine with unprecedented quantum computational power. We expect the first application areas will be in scientific discovery; particularly the simulation of quantum systems. While this may sound academic, this is how all new material discovery begins and its value should not be understated. This era will lead to discoveries in materials science, high-temperature superconductivity, complex magnetic systems, phase transitions, and high energy physics, among other things.
In general, Apollo will advance the field of physics to new heights while we start to see the first glimmers of distinct progress in chemistry and biology. For some of these applications, users will employ Apollo in a mode where it offers thousands of qubits for relatively short computations; e.g. exploring the magnetism of materials. At other times, users may want to employ significantly longer computations for applications like chemistry or topological data analysis.
But there is more on the horizon. Carefully crafted AI models that interact seamlessly with Apollo will be able to squeeze all the “quantum juice” out and generate data that was hitherto unavailable to mankind. We anticipate using this data to further the field of AI itself, as it can be used as training data.
The era of scientific (quantum) discovery and exploration will inevitably lead to commercial value. Apollo will be the centerpiece of this commercial tipping point where use-cases will build on the value of scientific discovery and support highly innovative commercially viable products.
Very interestingly, we will uncover applications that we are currently unaware of. As is always the case with disruptive new technology, Apollo will run currently unknown use-cases and applications that will make perfect sense once we see them. We are eager to co-develop these with our customers in our unique co-creation program.
How do we get there?
Today, System Model H2 is our most advanced commercial quantum computer, providing 56 physical qubits with physical two-qubit gate errors less than 10-3. System Model H2, like all our systems, is based on the QCCD architecture.
Starting from where we are today, our roadmap progresses through two additional machines prior to Apollo. The Quantinuum Helios™ system, which we are releasing in 2025, will offer around 100 physical qubits with two-qubit gate errors less than 5x10-4. In addition to expanded qubit count and better errors, Helios makes two departures from H2. First, Helios will use 137Ba+ qubits in contrast to the 171Yb+ qubits used in our H1 and H2 systems. This change enables lower two-qubit gate errors and less complex laser systems with lower cost. Second, for the first time in a commercial system, Helios will use junction-based qubit routing. The result will be a “twice-as-good" system: Helios will offer roughly 2x more qubits with 2x lower two-qubit gate errors while operating more than 2x faster than our 56-qubit H2 system.
After Helios we will introduce Quantinuum Sol™, our first commercially available 2D-grid-based quantum computer. Sol will offer hundreds of physical qubits with two-qubit gate errors less than 2x10-4, operating approximately 2x faster than Helios. Sol being a fully 2D-grid architecture is the scalability launching point for the significant size increase planned for Apollo.
Opportunity for early value creation discovery in Helios and Sol
Thanks to Sol’s low error rates, users will be able to execute circuits with up to 10,000 quantum operations. The usefulness of Helios and Sol may be extended with a combination of quantum error detection (QED) and quantum error mitigation (QEM). For example, the [[k+2, k, 2]] iceberg code is a light-weight QED code that encodes k+2 physical qubits into k logical qubits and only uses an additional 2 ancilla qubits. This low-overhead code is well-suited for Helios and Sol because it offers the non-Clifford variable angle entangling ZZ-gate directly without the overhead of magic state distillation. The errors Iceberg fails to detect are already ~10x lower than our physical errors, and by applying a modest run-time overhead to discard detected failures, the effective error in the computation can be further reduced. Combining QED with QEM, a ~10x reduction in the effective error may be possible while maintaining run-time overhead at modest levels and below that of full-blown QEC.
Why accelerate our roadmap now?
Our new roadmap is an acceleration over what we were previously planning. The benefits of this are obvious: Apollo brings the commercial tipping point sooner than we previously thought possible. This acceleration is made possible by a set of recent breakthroughs.
First, we solved the “wiring problem”: we demonstrated that trap chip control is scalable using our novel center-to-left-right (C2LR) protocol and broadcasting shared control signals to multiple electrodes. This demonstration of qubit rearrangement in a 2D geometry marks the most advanced ion trap built, containing approximately 40 junctions. This trap was deployed to 3 different testbeds in 2 different cities and operated with 2 different collections of dual-ion-species, and all 3 cases were a success. These demonstrations showed that the footprint of the most complex parts of the trap control stay constant as the number of qubits scales up. This gives us the confidence that Sol, with approximately 100 junctions, will be a success.
Second, we continue to reduce our two-qubit physical gate errors. Today, H1 and H2 have two-qubit gate errors less than 1x10-3 across all pairs of qubits. This is the best in the industry and is a key ingredient in our record >2 million quantum volume. Our systems are the most benchmarked in the industry, and we stand by our data - making it all publicly available. Recently, we observed an 8x10-4 two-qubit gate error in our Helios development test stand in 137Ba+, and we’ve seen even better error rates in other testbeds. We are well on the path to meeting the 5x10-4 spec in Helios next year.
Third, the all-to-all connectivity offered by our systems enables highly efficient QEC codes. In Microsoft’s recent demonstration, our H2 system with 56 physical qubits was used to generate 12 logical qubits at distance 4. This work demonstrated several experiments, including repeated rounds of error correction where the error in the final result was ~10x lower than the physical circuit baseline.
In conclusion, through a combination of advances in hardware readiness and QEC, we have line-of-sight to Apollo by the end of the decade, a fully fault-tolerant quantum advantaged machine. This will be a commercial tipping point: ushering in an era of scientific discovery in physics, materials, chemistry, and more. Along the way, users will have the opportunity to discover new enabling use cases through quantum error detection and mitigation in Helios and Sol.
Quantinuum has the best quantum computers today and is on the path to offering fault-tolerant useful quantum computation by the end of the decade.
About Quantinuum
Quantinuum, the world’s largest integrated quantum company, pioneers powerful quantum computers and advanced software solutions. Quantinuum’s technology drives breakthroughs in materials discovery, cybersecurity, and next-gen quantum AI. With over 500 employees, including 370+ scientists and engineers, Quantinuum leads the quantum computing revolution across continents.
By: Harry Buhrman, Chief Scientist
Quantum computing is often framed as a race to the most qubits, the fastest gates, and the biggest benchmarks.
But a race needs a destination. In the fault-tolerant era, that means solving a valuable problem faster or at a lower cost than the best classical approach—and the time to solution is ultimately what matters most.
In this context, gate speed metrics have received a lot of attention. While gate speed is a meaningful component of the overall quality of a quantum computer, what actually matters most is fidelity. As we all know, speed on its own matters little if we don’t arrive at the correct destination.
Fidelity has emerged as the most important foundation for success in quantum computing. Higher fidelity means fewer errors in the underlying physical operations. Combined with quantum error correction, higher fidelity can reduce the number of additional qubits and operations needed to make computations reliable. This reduction in overhead can lower costs and shorten the time to deliver a useful answer—even compared with systems that have faster gates but lower fidelity.
Fast Gates Do Not Guarantee Fast Answers
Consider a simple example. In an independent-error model, a computation with 10,000 operations, each with an error rate of 10⁻³, or 99.9% fidelity, will experience about ten faults on average that can render the computation useless.
Now make every gate ten times faster without changing its error rate. You still get ten faults. You just get them ten times sooner.
Speed matters, but the relevant measure is the total time required to obtain a trustworthy and useful result. Getting to that point requires performance in many different and connected areas such as state preparation, measurement, error correction, repeated runs, and other work needed to complete the computation.
Gate speed alone cannot establish which system performs best. A fast machine that cannot reliably finish a sufficiently large computation cannot deliver commercial value.
Why Fidelity Changes the Resource Equation
Quantum error correction protects information by encoding it across multiple physical qubits. That protection requires resources: additional qubits, measurements, operations, and classical processing. These techniques work better when the underlying physical operations are reliable enough that increasing error protection reduces the logical error rate.
This requirement is known as the fault-tolerance threshold, the point below which physical error rates are low enough that adding protection reduces logical errors. Faster gates can shorten the computation, but they cannot replace the physical fidelity needed to cross that threshold.
At Quantinuum, our latest error-correction results on Helios demonstrate this principle. Using our error-correction architecture, logical memory errors fell exponentially as we increased protection. Across the tested code sizes, the fitted error reduction was about twelvefold for each increase of two in code distance. In the largest quantum-memory experiment, the estimated failure rate was about five in a million per error-correction cycle.1 This demonstrates how high-fidelity physical operations and effective error correction work together to make quantum information more reliable as protection grows.
The next question is what that reliability enables. How large a computation can a system complete, and how quickly can it deliver the result?
A New Performance Benchmark
The Quantum Universal Operations Performance System, or QUOPS, provides a standardized way to assess both. This architecture-neutral benchmark gauges performance by measuring computational “reach” and speed.2
“Reach” measures how large a benchmark circuit a system can execute successfully. Speed measures how quickly it executes that circuit, in effective quantum operations per second. QUOPS uses wall-clock time and accounts for extra samples and discarded runs caused by noise.
Together, these measures provide a common basis for comparing what different quantum systems deliver and tracking progress toward better time to solution.
Quantinuum’s H2 and Helios systems executed substantially larger benchmark circuits than Google’s Willow and IBM’s Boston. These superconducting systems sometimes achieved higher effective operation rates, but on smaller circuits, which means that they are not computationally comparable.
Superconducting systems can use error mitigation to tackle larger computations, but at a steep cost in speed. The QUOPS study estimates that the additional repetitions can make effective processing thousands of times slower. Some computations remain beyond the system’s reliable reach, even with mitigation. In those cases, faster gates may deliver no useful answer at all within practical limits on time and cost.
Useful applications require speed on much larger circuits. For example, the study estimates that factoring RSA-2048 or calculating FeMoco’s ground-state energy within five days would require roughly 100,000 times the computational reach demonstrated by today’s physical-qubit processors. Some machines approach the estimated speed requirement, but only on small circuits. The challenge is to sustain that speed at the required scale, including the additional work needed for error correction.
Larger uncorrected circuits accumulate more errors. Protecting them requires extra qubits and time. Reliability and speed must therefore scale together, and QUOPS offers a way to track both.
Higher Fidelity Makes Larger, Reliable Computations Possible
Improving fidelity can reduce the extra qubits and operations needed for error correction, lowering the time, cost, and resources required for useful computation. The benefit comes from reaching the required reliability with less protection, leaving more resources available for the computation itself.
Helios brings together the physical performance and error-correction capabilities needed to pursue those savings. In our paper published in Nature we showed that the system achieved an average single-qubit gate fidelity of 99.9975% and average two-qubit gate fidelity of 99.921% across its operational zones, while scaling the trapped-ion architecture to 98 fully connected physical qubits.3
The latest color-code experiments build on that physical performance. Alongside the logical memory results, protected two-qubit Clifford operations also became more reliable as protection increased. This connects improvements in the underlying hardware to improvements in logical computation.
A flexible error-correction architecture creates further opportunities to improve efficiency. Our recent Helix and color-code demonstrations used the same Helios hardware to explore different balances of accuracy and physical-qubit requirements. That flexibility allows us to evaluate which codes best suit different computational tasks as systems scale.
However, we continue to push ahead and accelerate the development of machines, such as Apollo, where quantum utility comes into play at scale. Decoding in the new color-code benchmarks was performed offline, and we are now turning our attention to integrating error correction, magic-state resources and real-time control into longer, reliable computations.
While that work continues, today’s systems can already contribute to scientific research. NISQ systems have advanced algorithms and hardware, enabled certified randomness, and supported studies of quantum magnetism and superconducting pairing correlations. These results leave room for useful applications before fault tolerance, even as error correction provides the scalable path to larger, reliable computations.4
The goal is to combine these capabilities so that larger computations can run reliably within practical limits on time and resources. Fidelity provides the foundation, and optimizing the full system turns that foundation into better time to solution.
Fidelity First. Then Optimize Time to Solution.
Scaling quantum computation requires continued progress in fidelity. As physical operations move further below threshold, increasing error protection can suppress logical errors more effectively, enabling longer, more demanding computations.
Speed must improve alongside that reliability. Advances in transport, cooling, measurement, compilation, and parallel execution can reduce the time and total cost of solving useful problems. These improvements become increasingly valuable as systems gain the reliability needed to complete larger computations.
Our latest Helios results are proof points on the path to Apollo, our planned universal fault-tolerant quantum computer, expected by 2029. The goal is to translate these gains into systems that can solve industrially relevant problems faster or at lower cost than the best classical approach.
Industrial partnerships help connect that progress to problems that matter, from understanding high-temperature superconductivity to how molecules interact to accelerate drug discovery. They bring practical research questions into the development process and help identify where improving quantum capabilities could deliver useful results beyond the reach of classical computing alone.
Our motto is simple: fidelity first, with speed built on that foundation.
References & For Further Reading
[1] A. Lavasani et al., "Quantum error correction well below the color code threshold," arXiv:2610.24077 [quant-ph] (2026). doi:10.48550/arXiv.2610.24077.
[2] T. Proctor et al., "Benchmarking the computational power of quantum computers," arXiv:2609.12146 [quant-ph] (2026). doi:10.48550/arXiv.2609.12146.
[3] A. Ransford et al., "A 98-qubit trapped-ion quantum computer with all-to-all connectivity," Nature 655, 81-86 (2026). doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10676-4.
[4] M. Liu, R. Shaydulin, P. Niroula et al., "Certified randomness using a trapped-ion quantum processor," Nature 640, 343-348 (2025). doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08737-1.
S. Dasu et al., "Computing with many encoded logical qubits beyond break-even," arXiv:2602.22211 [quant-ph] (2026). doi:10.48550/arXiv.2602.22211.
E. Granet et al., "Superconducting pairing correlations on a trapped-ion quantum computer," arXiv:2511.02125 [quant-ph] (2025; revised 2026). doi:10.48550/arXiv.2511.02125.
Quantinuum and GE Vernova’s Advanced Research Center are launching a collaboration to apply quantum computing to one of the research community’s most consequential challenges: understanding the behavior behind high-temperature superconductivity. Advances in this field could, over the long term, transform the energy sector by enabling lighter generators, more compact and powerful motors, and electricity infrastructure that carries more power and better withstands faults.
The research will focus on Fermi–Hubbard modeling, a framework for studying how interacting electrons give rise to complex material properties. By combining Quantinuum’s full-stack quantum computing capabilities—including access to the company’s Helios computer—with GE Vernova’s expertise in material science and engineering simulation applied to industrial applications, the collaboration will bring an industry perspective to a promising area of quantum research.
Why superconductors matter for energy
As energy systems grow, the size, weight, and performance of electrical equipment become increasingly important constraints. High-temperature superconductors offer potential ways to address those limits through their ability to carry large electrical currents without resistance under suitable operating conditions.
Potential applications span power generation, electricity grids, and industrial electrification. Superconducting generators could reduce the weight and footprint of industrial equipment. Superconducting windings could also help make utility generators and industrial or marine propulsion motors more compact and efficient. In electricity networks, superconducting cables could carry more power through constrained spaces, while fault current limiters could help protect equipment during short circuits.
Realizing those benefits more widely depends on overcoming challenges in cooling, material performance, manufacturing, and cost. Better understanding of the physics behind high-temperature superconductivity could help inform the search for materials with more practical operating characteristics.
Why quantum computing may offer new tools for understanding high-temperature superconductivity
High-temperature superconductivity involves the collective behavior of strongly interacting electrons. Accurately modeling these systems is exceptionally difficult: the interactions that make them scientifically interesting also make important aspects of their behavior computationally challenging.
The Fermi–Hubbard model captures essential features of those interactions in a simplified mathematical framework. Although it is not a complete description of a material used in industrial applications, it provides a foundation for investigating mechanisms associated with high-temperature superconductivity.
Quantum computing offers a promising way to explore the physics. Quantinuum researchers have already measured superconducting pairing correlations—including s-wave and d-wave pairing—in Fermi–Hubbard models simulated on the Helios quantum computer. These results demonstrate the ability to prepare and probe quantum states relevant to superconductivity research, establishing a foundation for further investigation.
The collaboration with GE Vernova will build on that foundation, bringing industrial expertise to the selection and interpretation of research questions.
Connecting quantum capabilities with industrial expertise
The research will be enabled through access to Quantinuum’s full-stack capabilities, including cloud-based access to Helios, the world’s most accurate quantum computer1, and Nexus, Quantinuum’s developer platform. Nexus connects quantum hardware with the software tools researchers need to develop and run applications in a unified environment.
GE Vernova’s Advanced Research Center brings the expertise in material science, engineering, and industrial applications to the research and development activity.
“High-temperature superconductors could help us overcome important limits on the size, weight, and efficiency of electrical equipment, but understanding and improving these materials remains a significant scientific challenge,” said Jonathan Owens, PhD, Senior Scientist, Computational Materials Physics at GE Vernova. “By combining our materials simulation and industrial expertise with Quantinuum’s quantum computing capabilities, we can explore new approaches to these difficult problems while building the expertise to assess where quantum computing can make a meaningful contribution.”
The collaboration also extends GE Vernova’s exploration of quantum computing into a new area of materials research while supporting the development of its internal quantum talent. Its previous published work includes investigations of quantum algorithms for carbon-capture materials using simulated quantum processors.
Building toward industrial value
Translating insights from simplified models into practical materials requires sustained scientific and engineering work. Industrial expertise helps connect that effort to the properties, operating conditions, and manufacturing considerations that ultimately determine a material’s usefulness.
For Quantinuum, this collaboration is an opportunity to advance quantum simulation with an industrial collaborator that understands both the potential applications and the barriers to adoption. It brings together demonstrated computing capabilities, a challenging materials problem, and the expertise needed to connect scientific progress with industrial requirements.
The research collaboration aims to deepen understanding of this field and explore how quantum computing may contribute to future energy technologies.
1 Based on two-qubit gate fidelity as of December 31, 2025.
From Oracle's Quantum AI Compute beta program to upcoming Helios installation milestones and Oracle AI World, our partnership continues to gain momentum.
When Quantinuum and Oracle announced a strategic partnership earlier this year, the goal was not simply to deploy a quantum computer in the cloud. It was to create a practical path for bringing quantum computing into the enterprise environments where AI, data, and high-performance computing (HPC) already come together.
By combining Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI)'s AI, data, and cloud capabilities with Helios, Quantinuum's most advanced quantum computer, we're helping lay the foundation for hybrid quantum AI computing at enterprise scale. The partnership reflects our belief that some of the most valuable future applications will emerge when quantum computing, AI and classical HPC work together to tackle problems that remain difficult to solve today.
Oracle Opens Early Access for Quantum AI Compute
That vision is now being put into practice. This month, Oracle launched the OCI Quantum AI Compute Beta Program, giving select organizations an opportunity to begin evaluating how quantum computing fits into existing workflows and computational challenges.
Through the program, approved participants will gain cloud-based access to Helios, the world's most accurate commercial quantum computer, alongside OCI's GPU and HPC infrastructure. For organizations exploring quantum computing, this creates a practical starting point: access to industry-leading hardware within an enterprise cloud environment, without the need to build specialized infrastructure of their own.
The goal is to help organizations understand where hybrid quantum AI workflows may create value across areas such as drug discovery, materials science, energy, financial modeling, and optimization.
For many organizations, the starting point is not quantum technology itself. It's a business or research problem. Where are today's approaches reaching meaningful limits? Which workloads consume disproportionate resources? And where could a new computational capability create an advantage?
Organizations interested in participating can apply through Oracle's OCI Preview Programs portal. Oracle will review applications and select participants based on eligibility, capacity and program requirements.
Quantinuum and Oracle Leadership Takes the Stage at Oracle AI World
The opportunity for hybrid quantum-AI computing will be a major topic at Oracle AI World 2026.
In a main stage session, "Powering the Next Era of Enterprise AI," Larry Stack, Chief Commercial Officer at Quantinuum, will join Mahesh Thiagarajan, Executive Vice President and Head of Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, to discuss how quantum computing, AI and classical HPC can work together to address some of the world's most computationally demanding challenges.
The discussion will focus on a core question many organizations are asking: where should they start? Rather than leading with technology, the conversation will explore how organizations can identify high-value problems, establish today's performance baseline, and evaluate where quantum computing ultimately provides an advantage.
Later in the day, Quantinuum and Oracle experts will take a deeper look at how bringing Helios into OCI provides managed access to quantum computing natively within an enterprise cloud environment to support hybrid quantum-AI workflows.
Building Momentum Toward Hybrid Quantum-AI Computing
The collaboration between Quantinuum and Oracle continues to progress from vision to execution.
With Helios advancing toward installation, Oracle's Quantum AI Compute program now open for early access, and enterprise interest growing around hybrid computing, the pieces are coming together. Organizations now have a practical way to begin exploring quantum computing through cloud-based access to Helios alongside AI, HPC, and existing enterprise workflows.
We look forward to continuing the conversation at Oracle AI World 2026 and working with customers who want to better understand where hybrid quantum-AI computing can create real-world value.
We're excited to continue that conversation at Oracle AI World 2026 and to help customers begin exploring what's possible through the OCI Quantum AI Compute Beta Program.